The U.S. Constitution, drafted in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1787 and
ratified by the states the following year, gave the President the responsibility
for the conduct of the nation's foreign relations. It soon became clear,
however, that an executive department was necessary to support the President
in the conduct of the affairs of the new federal government.
国務省は、アメリカ合衆国の外交政策の策定と実施に総合的な責任を持つ大統領に助言する。国務省は、海外におけるアメリカ合衆国の権益を評価し、政策および将来の活動について勧告し、既定の政策の実施に必要な措置を取る。また、アメリカ合衆国と諸外国との間の連絡と関係を維持し、新しい国家や政府の承認について大統領に勧告し、外国との条約や協定の交渉を行い、国際連合その他の主要な国際機関でアメリカ合衆国の立場を代弁する。国務省は、全世界250カ所以上に、外交・領事機関を置いている。
The House of Representatives and Senate approved legislation to establish a Department of Foreign Affairs on July 21, 1789, and President Washington signed it into law on July 27, making the Department of Foreign Affairs the first Federal agency to be created under the new Constitution. This legislation remains the basic law of the Department of State. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and assigned to it a variety of domestic duties.
The Department of State conducts these activities with a civilian workforce,
and normally uses the Foreign Service personnel system for positions that
require service abroad. Employees may be assigned to diplomatic missions
abroad to represent America, analyze and report on political, economic,
and social trends; adjudicate visas; and respond to the needs of American
citizens abroad. The U.S. maintains diplomatic relations with about 180
countries and maintains relations with many international organizations,
adding up to a total of more than 250 posts around the world. In the United
States, about 5,000 professional, technical, and administrative employees
work compiling and analyzing reports from overseas, providing logistical
support to posts, communicating with the American public, formulating and
overseeing the budget, issuing passports and travel warnings, and more.
In carrying out these responsibilities, the Department of State works in
close coordination with other federal agencies, including the Department
of Defense, the Department of the Treasury, and the Department of Commerce.
As required by the principle of checks and balances, the Department also
consults with Congress about foreign policy initiatives and policies.
現在では他国における外務省とほとんど変わらないけれども、外交のみならず通商や国家行事なども担当することがあり、通常の外務省よりもその管掌範囲は広い。
また、国務省の長である国務長官はアメリカ合衆国政府の首席閣僚であり、大統領継承順位では、副大統領、下院議長、上院仮議長に次ぐ継承権をもつ。
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